Johannine Literature free essay sample

Five books in the New Testament are said to have been written by John. But there are arguments that say that not all three letters of John were written by the same author. It is so because the word Church (Ecclesia) does not appear in the forth Gospel and in 1 and 2 John. Another challenge to the Johannine ecclesiology is offered marked opposition to outsiders, whether to the world, Jews, Christians. Has the association of Johhanine Christians become a sect? Meaning a religious group that broke away from an established larger religion. Scroggs argues that the whole early Christian movement was sectarian for it met the following characteristics of a sect. Sect seeks to restore traditional beliefs and practices in doing so rejects many of societies values but not in a threatening manner. 1,It emerged out of an agrarian protest movement 2,It rejected many of the realities claimed by the establishment of wealth, of religious institutions of theological intellectuals. We will write a custom essay sample on Johannine Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3,It was egalitarian 4,It offered special love and acceptance within 5,It was a voluntary organization 6,It demanded total commitment of its members 7,It was apocalyptic. With this understanding of sect, the Christian community known to us through the forth Gospel and Johannine Epistles was a sect as part of the larger Christian sectarian movement. Relationship with the letters Style, tone, thought indicates that they are from the same author. A,Intimacy with God and sinlessness. B,Keeping the commandment. C,Brotherly love D, Eschatology 1,Concept of sin. Sin plays an important part in the teaching of Jesus in John’s Gospel. The approach of sin is slightly different from the synoptic eg John 1:29 . 1 Jn1:5, sin is also linked with ignorance of God. Sin as alienation from God 5:24 Sin as unbelief 15: 22-24 Sin as ignorance Sin as mortal 3:16, 1Jn 2:25 Sin as universal 1Jn 1:8, 2:16 Sin as lawlessness 2,Humanity of Jesus, Jn 1:14 The word became fresh, 1 Jn 1:1, heard seen touched of the word. 3,Sinlessness of Jesus, 8:44,48, 1Jn3:5 1Jn 2:1 Jesus the righteous 4,Messia,1:41, 11:27 confession of Martha. 5,Lord, Johhannine does not use the word much until after the resurrection. 6, Son of God, His main purpose is that his readers may believe Jesus as son of God, sent by the Father, Love of the father to the son, Dependance of the son to the Father, Exclusive revelation of the father ( He alone has seen the Father 6:24). 7,Jesus as the Logos: This is different from the synoptic. John emphasizes that Jesus was the word The word is the image of God The word as God’s first born In the gospel John does not discus the Virgin Birth, there are no references to this, no birth narratives. In the place of the birth narratives he includes a prologue which focuses on the incarnation of the Logos. Origin of Johannine community Despite the diversity of the community there are significant agreement on at least two stages in the Johannine development. Early period the community consisted of Jews whose belief in Jesus involved a relatively low Christology . Later appeared high Christology which brought Johns community into sharp conflict with the jews who regarded this as blasphemy. This caused friction. Issues between the followers of John Baptist and Johhannine community, issues of the beloved disciple who the fourth gospels makes him the hero in the community, distress in the community over this beloved disciple. It made the community distinct because the claim to posses the witness of the beloved disciple enabled them to efend their peculiar insight in Christology and ecclesiology. High Christology: Significantly cleansing of the Temple is placed at the beginning and only starts with hostility. John starts where others finish with. Jesus passes over Samaria and wins the whole village to believe that he was the saviour of the world. According to Acts 8:1-25,It is indicated that it was years after resurrection of Jesus that Christianity was brought to Samaria by Hellenist preacher Phillip. The followers of John the Baptist had conflicts with the Samaritan followers after their conversion, they were rejected by the Jews.

Strategic management McGraw Hill Education -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Strategic Management Mcgraw Hill Education? Answer: Introducation Small investment banks are the banks, which operate in a smaller level than the multinational full-fledged banks that are much bigger in scale in terms of financial transactions (Stowell 2017). These banks are specialized in one or two facets of investment. The process is to manage wealth of clients and provide financial assistants to small players in the market. These institutions also invest in profit making companies to create wealth and grow in terms of scale and operations. Small investment banks largely work on smaller arrangements including mid market organizations, and as a rule help on the offer side in mergers and acquisitions exchanges. Also, they some of the time work in specific enterprises, for example, media, medicinal services, industrials, innovation or vitality. A few banks may represent considerable authority in specific sorts of exchanges, for example, capital raising or mergers and acquisitions, or rebuilding and rearrangement (Hakenes et al. 2014). A market analysts main activity is to ponder data to enable the employer or customer to settle on educated choices about their market. This could go from what markets to dispatch an item in, to the value one may charge for something. The data analysis of a market analyst could be introduced as numbers or words. Factual aptitudes are helpful maths and examination capabilities are additionally qualities of a market analyst. Discussion The small investment bank in which the appointment as market analyst has been achieved is Qatar First Bank. The bank mentioned was launched in 2009 when there was recession in the western world (Al Marri 2018). However, because of rich natural resources and never ending demand of oil throughout the world, the Middle Eastern countries did not face any tough time (Niblock 2015). Many of the stakeholders and investors in the bank were having great suspicion in their mind about success of the bank. In spite of such suspicion and doubt the bank came out to be successful, and today it is engaged in offering international standard Shari'ah agreeable wealth management techniques to people who are affluent in Qatar and the locale. A bank that would benefit from the developing interest for Islamic banking and be one stop solution in monetary accomplice to the youth as well as business visionaries, in the safeguarding and development of their riches (Al Marri 2018). The internationally operating organization, which is chosen for an investment opportunity from the small investment bank, is Apple, which is one of the most successful brands in operation throughout the world (Thaon and Tsanthaiwo 2017). The company manufactures mobile phones, laptops, and desktops. The company is the manufacturer of the famous i-phone. A Review Of The Techniques Micro environment is the internal environment of a business. The micro environmental condition, as can be understood from the name itself, is the immediate and immediate condition which affects a business organization. The micro environment incorporates thoughts identified with providers, clients and nearby partners, along with the factors that are internal to the business (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). The micro environment condition can for the most part be viewed as the immediate situations of the business and the owner is expected to give some amount of thought to the impacts of the micro environment on business (Sekaran and Bougie 2016). The technique that is used in analyzing the micro environment of a business is called SWOT analysis, or the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat, analysis (Grant 2016). Swot Analysis Organizations use this tool to find out the strength weakness they possess, and opportunities threats that may come across (Drucker 2017). The main benefit of this system lies in the fact that it requires very less investment to be conducted. Even small businesses can undertake and go ahead with SWOT analysis of their businesses. SWOT analysis helps in comprehending ones business in a better way, and tackling the weaknesses so that they get resolved (Sekaran and Bougie 2016). Threats are averted from getting critical by prior predictions. The opportunities are understood and they are sharpened to give better results. Knowing the strength of oneself better gives extra confidence to go ahead. The whole process gives a direction to the business and anchors it. Apart from the number of benefits SWOT analysis has, it has some limitations and disadvantages as well. This is not a very intricate process and remains mostly in the superficial level. For situations and problems, which are, complicated further researches which are deeper and in-depth needs to be done (Storey 2016). The process often does not categorize issues according to priority. It offers lesser amount of solutions than required. It is a process, which produces a lot of information and ideation, but not all are very useful. This is a suitable method for deciding on the inner environment of a business because of its wide span of compatibility with any kind of business possible. Macro Environment Macro environment is the external environment of a business on which the decision makers of the business has no role-play in (Armstrong et al. 201'5.) These are the large scale factors which are uncontrollable and cannot be influenced by the inner players of the business environment. These factors impact the decision making of the organizations and positively or negatively impact the performance and business activities of an organization. Macro environment can be analyzed by PESTLE technique, which has full form of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental factors (Feys and Probert 2015). Pestle Analysis All the factors considered in the PESTLE analysis are external to the business and doesnt have a scope of direct control by the business authorities. However proper PESTLE analysis would give a clear picture of what can be the scenarios that are forthcoming and the management can necessary steps and actions to keep the business stable after such analysis (Aithal 2016). The first advantage of the process is its cost effectiveness. It does not require any special mechanism and only some investment of comprehension from experts. The analysis gives a deeper understanding of the situation and the external environment and the possible impacts they can pose on the business. The political interference and governmental decisions which impact businesses cannot be changed or altered by the businessmen, they can adapt their own business according to the new scenarios (Walker and Rea 2014). It is the same case with other factors of PESTLE technique. Analysis Of The Micro And Macro Environments Of The Business STRENGTH- Apple is the leader in its field and the company which continuously innovates new products and brings new technological up gradation to its existing products. Because of these reasons, Apple products are always in demand and there is no fear of loss in investing in the company (Heracleous 2013). The profit margins of Apple Inc are stable and high, and the investors can depend on the goodwill of the company (Khan, Alam and Alam 2015). Apple enjoys high level of trust and reputation in the market it operates in. WEAKNESSES- Apple is greatly dependant on iPhones for maintaining its goodwill and revenue. In overall scenario, Apple deals with very less number of products, which makes it dependant on their success (Khan, Alam and Alam 2015). Every year, updated version of iPhone is released and avid iPhone users wait for new iPhones to get released (Dong and Zhang 2016). However the updates are not always well received. The Apple products are most of the time not compatible with products of other companies, which makes them lesser popular. OPPORTUNITIES- Apple has a huge manufacturing infrastructure, which is highly advanced and technologically ahead of many of its competitors. The company is ever expanding its distribution network, however presently its distribution network is one of the strongest in the industry (Fitzgerald and Wakabayashi 2014). THREATS- The field in which Apple operates in have stiff competition from various quarters. Microsoft is its competitor in desktop and operating system business. Samsung is a close competition in the business of mobile handsets. Samsung and Google have collaborated in providing service which is a great competition to Apple. Pestle Analysis Of Apple Inc POLITICAL- Apple is largely reliant on the manufacturing units at China. China is a country, which is dominated by Communist political ideology, which is often dominated by anti capitalist movements. In America, with recent political developments, there is a clamor about discontinuing outsourcing of jobs and manufacturing from the country. Apple works in a number of countries, which are not politically stable, which could make the future of business of Apple unsure in these countries. ECONOMIC- As it has been pointed out previously that Apples manufacturing units are based mainly in China, but with increasing labor cost in China economical thrust is felt in the pricing of Apple products as well. The economic recessions in various countries throughout the world has reduced income of many people, which has affected the consumer base Apple. SOCIAL- Socially Apple as a brand is seen to be a status symbol in the western world. However in African countries or in the countries where the goodwill and market of Apple is not well established it can be seen as a product with too high price and hence abandoned. A large section of people in North America cannot except China as a friendly country which can hamper goodwill of Apple because of its close association with the country. TECHNOLOGICAL- Google, Microsoft, Dell, Samsung, HP, and a number of companies are doing regular advancement in their technological sphere. Apple is doing its own bit in technologically upgrading its product, but many of its recent innovations are criticized like the wireless earphones, which has a high probability of getting lost. LEGAL- Apple has recently ventured into advanced digital financial services called the Apple Pay. This brings further financial regulations and implications to Apple throughout the globe. Dependency of Apple on intellectual products for its income like music and software make Apple furthermore vulnerable to legalities. ENVIRONMENTAL- China is a country that is tackling environmental pollution. Apples manufacturing units have a high amount of disposed wastages, which is posing increasing concern in the country. Analysis Of The Impacts Of International Business Environment Apple deals in electronic goods and gadgets especially phones, laptops and computers. With increased globalization and digitization, every individual is opting for better gadgetry support. Apple has been one of the pioneers in bringing technology at its best to the consumers. Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne established Apple Computer Company on April 1, 1976. The organization's first item was the Apple I, a PC built by Wozniak without any assistance from anyone else. The company has stiff competitors working in similar field, many of the collaborating with each other. Microsoft, which is probably the greatest competitor of Apple, was found just a year before, in 1975 by Bill gates and Paul Allen. Apple has its own operating system for desktop, which is having a huge competition from Microsoft Windows. Apple presently has 12.37% market share on the market of Operating System, and Windows has 11.79% (Gartner.com 2015). Samsung and Apple have collaborated to take a market sha re of 54.16%, which is largest (Gartner.com, 2018). Therefore, Apple works in an international business environment, which is full of competition and requires continuous innovative advancements. Coming in of new players with lower rates, and existing players increasing their innovative quotient has a great impact on Apples business. Benefits, Opportunities And Challenges Of Globalisation Globalization and innovation have both astoundingly affected organizations in many ways. Globalization alludes to growing a business to work at the worldwide level. This is frequently made conceivable because of the propelled innovations being declared each day. From multiple points of view, globalization and mechanical advances have enhanced business; however, there are likewise negative impacts. Globalization has helped Apple is marketing and distributing its product throughput the world. Apple has a vast chain of stores and retail outlets in all the big cities throughout the world. This was made possible by economic globalization and foreign direct investment opportunities. Apple has been a forerunner in importing and exporting activities and outsourcing various jobs in the Asian job market. Apple has more than 450 retail shops in 13 countries. The marketing of its initial successful product mainly depended on the foreign job markets. Apple has been mainly operating its manufactur ing units at China. Globalization of culture has created a fetishism of Apple brand, which further boosted its sales. The Extent Of Globalisation On Organisations There are various positive and negative impacts of globalization on business organizations working multi-nationally. The target markets have expanded and there are more number of customers. Resources have become cheaper and easily available and western countries can utilize the cheap labor pool in the developing nations (Crane and Matten 2016.). The information and technology sector have received a great boost because of globalization. Exchange of technological knowhow and knowledge, which help the developing countries, in advancing their work culture, is also an effect of globalization. However in spite of all of these positive aspects there are some factors, which may pose a challenge to businesses, like increased competition and legalities. Globalization has increased competition in every field, with new players from many countries operating worldwide. Companies, which work on a multi-national level, have to tackle legal issues from a number of countries. Structures Of Different Organisations Operating In International Markets Large multinational organizations require a hierarchical framework that can support the standard business operations and capacities like finance, advertising, RD, production, and among others - and those capabilities required for being result oriented past the domestic scenario. The suitable authoritative structure that is most suitable will be managed by the general global policy of the company, the comparative size of global or international operations when contrasted and compared with residential capacity and operations, and the nature of the commercial center in which the company contends. The four necessary hierarchical structures are- Functional, Geographical, International and Matrix. Some of the MNCs structure their organization functionally, where all the important jobs are done at the headquarters at the home country. Geographically some MNCs design their structure where semi-independent functions with certain authorities are established in different countries. The MNCs, w hich have a International Division structure, they are allowed to keep close attention on its own domestic or home market in its head quarters while leaving the global division allowed to adjust and deal with the remote markets. A Matrix structure joins the effectiveness of the functional organization with the adaptability of local operations. Cponclusion As the market analyst of a small investment bank, it can be safely concluded that Apple is a great company with high returns to invest in. It has a great hold on the market it works in and gives high returns to its investors. Analyzing the micro and macro business environment of Apple and the globalised scenario it would be highly advisable to invest in Apple for great returns. References Aithal, P.S., 2016. Study on ABCD analysis technique for business models, business strategies, operating concepts business systems.Browser Download This Paper. Al Marri, A. 2018.Chairmans Message Qatar First bank. [online] Qfb.com.qa. Available at: https://www.qfb.com.qa/about-us/chairmans-message/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2018]. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016.Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Dong, J. and Zhang, Y., 2016. When Customers Become Fans.MIT Sloan Management Review,57(2), p.95. Drucker, P.F., 2017.What Makes an Effective Executive (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Review Press. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Feys, B. and Probert, C., 2015. PESTLE analysis.Primento Digital. Fitzgerald, D. and Wakabayashi, D., 2014. Apple quietly builds new networks.Wall Street Journal. Gartner.com, 2015.Technology Industry Analysts. [online] Gartner.com. Available at: https://www.gartner.com/technology/analysts.jsp [Accessed 17 Jan. 2018]. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Hakenes, H., Hasan, I., Molyneux, P. and Xie, R., 2014. Small banks and local economic development.Review of Finance,19(2), pp.653-683. Heracleous, L., 2013. Quantum strategy at Apple Inc.Organizational Dynamics,42(2), pp.92-99. Khan, U.A., Alam, M.N. and Alam, S., 2015. A Critical Analysis of Internal and External Environment of Apple Inc.International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management,3(6), pp.955-961. Niblock, T. ed., 2015.Social and economic development in the Arab Gulf (RLE economy of Middle East). Routledge. Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R., 2016.Research methods for business: A skill building approach. Storey, D.J., 2016.Understanding the small business sector. Routledge. Stowell, D.P., 2017.Investment banks, hedge funds, and private equity. Academic Press. Thao, T. and Tsanthaiwo, S., 2017. Apple Inc. In the Years to Come. Walker, E.T. and Rea, C.M., 2014. The political mobilization of firms and industries.Annual review of sociology,40, pp.281-304.

Marketing Objectives free essay sample

Marketing objectives define what you want to accomplish through your marketing activities. There are several important factors to consider when establishing effective marketing objectives. When setting objectives it is very important to ensure that your objectives are; specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time specific, or SMART for short. The SMART approach allows you to effectively manage your marketing activities and importantly be able to determine how successful they have been and whether they have delivered the particular benefits sought. SMART Approach = Setting specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time specific objectives The SMART approach is explained to Illustrate how you address each area achieve the set objective. * Specific are your objectives stated In a way that Is precise about what you are hoping to achieve? * Measurable Can you quantify each objective, I. E. Can you use a unit of measure such as market share In percentage or dollars or other to provide a way to check your level of success?Achievable Are your objectives reasonable In terms of what you can actually achieve or are you setting your sights too high? Realistic Do you have sufficient employees and resources to achieve the objectives you have set, if you dont then they are likely to be unrealistic? * Time specific When are you hoping to achieve these objectives, you need to define a timing plan with target timing for each specific objective? * Clearly defined objectives may also provide direction for your employees in terms of wh at to achieve and in what period. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Objectives or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Free Essays on Hate Vs Speech Code

Hate Speech Code vs. Free Expression â€Å"Students should act with the respect for others’ rights required of good citizens† (Goldberg, 332). This is what is said in the Fundamental Standard for behavior, and must be followed by students at Stanford University. But there is substantial pressure on college students across the nation. They are torn between the right to free expression and the right to nondiscrimination. By applying a hate speech code to the Fundamental Standard would violate our constitutional right to free expression, while at the same time a code of this sort protects us from verbal hatred and discrimination. Limiting derogatory speech reduces the risk of a hostile environment on a college campus. That is why I believe that a hate speech code would be a good idea at SMU. So why should a hate speech code be enforced? The purpose of this code is to minimize and prevent the harassment of students by using hate speech on the basis of race, sex, color, handicap, religion, sexual preference, or ethnic origin. The policies formulated by Stanford University identify harassment as being â€Å"intended to insult or stigmatize on the basis of stereotypical group characteristics; it is addressed directly to those it intended to insult or stigmatize†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Goldberg, 333). Discrimination in the form of harassment is recognized as a violation of the Fundamental Standard. By preventing such harassment or insulting of students, we allow the student body to appreciate diversity rather than degrade it. This may also attract prospective minority students to the SMU campus, resulting in a more diverse student population. Using a hate speech code in a university setting may violate our constitutional right however, it defiles our moral values as Americans. This nation was founded on such principles as freedom and justice for everyone, and that all men are created equal. If we live in a country where equality for all mankind and womanki... Free Essays on Hate Vs Speech Code Free Essays on Hate Vs Speech Code Hate Speech Code vs. Free Expression â€Å"Students should act with the respect for others’ rights required of good citizens† (Goldberg, 332). This is what is said in the Fundamental Standard for behavior, and must be followed by students at Stanford University. But there is substantial pressure on college students across the nation. They are torn between the right to free expression and the right to nondiscrimination. By applying a hate speech code to the Fundamental Standard would violate our constitutional right to free expression, while at the same time a code of this sort protects us from verbal hatred and discrimination. Limiting derogatory speech reduces the risk of a hostile environment on a college campus. That is why I believe that a hate speech code would be a good idea at SMU. So why should a hate speech code be enforced? The purpose of this code is to minimize and prevent the harassment of students by using hate speech on the basis of race, sex, color, handicap, religion, sexual preference, or ethnic origin. The policies formulated by Stanford University identify harassment as being â€Å"intended to insult or stigmatize on the basis of stereotypical group characteristics; it is addressed directly to those it intended to insult or stigmatize†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Goldberg, 333). Discrimination in the form of harassment is recognized as a violation of the Fundamental Standard. By preventing such harassment or insulting of students, we allow the student body to appreciate diversity rather than degrade it. This may also attract prospective minority students to the SMU campus, resulting in a more diverse student population. Using a hate speech code in a university setting may violate our constitutional right however, it defiles our moral values as Americans. This nation was founded on such principles as freedom and justice for everyone, and that all men are created equal. If we live in a country where equality for all mankind and womanki...

Online Payments Assurance and Security Term Paper

Online Payments Assurance and Security - Term Paper Example The demand for quick, suitable and safe payment substitutes is increasing rapidly. Along with this, there is an alteration in the way commerce takes place in the recent times. One of the easiest ways to identify the significance of electronic payments is to imagine a world without them. In other words, if electronic payments come to a sudden pause then in such circumstances most of the facets of commerce such as trade, travel and internet might confront terrible consequences. Although cash and cheque still plays a vital role in making payments, there are many problems associated with these payment options such as lack of speed and convenience. These also face issues related to safety demanded by the consumers, governments as well as businesses in today’s fast-paced and ever-dwindling world. It can be mentioned that the extensive utilization of the electronic payments along with the sophisticated network that interconnects many consumers, financial institution and merchants in the world are at the center of commerce (OECD, 2012). The significance of the electronic payments is apparent not only in industrialized countries but in developing countries as well. One of such costs is related with interchange where a comparatively small fee is offered to the card issuers by card acquirers. It is worthy of stating that interchange comprises part of most of the expenses that issues are supposed to bear for the purpose of creating the advantage that merchants enjoy while accepting the payment cards. It has often been observed that the advantages of payment system and the significance of interchange go unnoticed. Most of the people are aware of the fact that electronic payments which are vast and complex permit the transaction to take place within no time. It is these systems that permit the cardholders to make use of their card at any part of the country and with the same ease and convenience that they experience at their area. The online payment system permits peo ple to travel with greater peace of mind because they are aware of the fact that they do not need to carry huge amount of money. The very same systems rationalize the checkout process for consumers as well as merchants (Master Card, 2012). Payment systems are considered to be a significant part of the electronic commerce. Even though in electronic markets, common media of interchange is generally utilized, it is observed that there is escalation of the spatial distance between the buyers as well as the sellers which in turn increases their worries after having successfully completed their dealings. There are numerous payment methods available in online auction markets. They are personal check, credit card, debit card and prepaid card among others. There are different risks, costs as well as convenience associated with each form of online payment method (Peffers & Ma, n.d.). The main objective of the study is to identify how the companies can enhance their security measures so that

Special interests Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Special interests - Assignment Example In democratic countries, especially the US, the people can express their preferences even after the elections by directly contacting the officials they elected concerning specific issues. Most of these activities in the United States are carried out by organized and enduring efforts coordinated by special interest groups, which brings together individuals with a common goal to seek collective action from elected officials. Special interest groups are associations whose members have shared concerns and attempt to influence government policies that impact these specific concerns (Lowi et al, 2013). While elected officials often complain that special interests have undue influence on US politics, interest groups work closely with the administration and Congress in drafting policy initiatives and legislation. In addition, they also provide the public and the government with information on an array of issues, while also substantially contributing to political campaigns. In recent years, t here has been a significant increase in the number special interest groups, especially with almost all segments of society in the US represented by a special interest group (Lowi et al, 2013). One way of classifying special interest groups is by the groups they represent. Some groups are directly interested in economic policies taken by the government and get their support from producers and manufacturers in specific sectors of the economy, such as the National Federation of Independent Business that represents owners of small businesses (Lowi et al, 2013).

Impact of Communication Technology on Politics and Economics

Impact of Communication Technology on Politics and Economics Impact of Communication Technologies on Political and Economic Development Joe Owczarski Introduction Modern-day society is witnessing the continuous creation of innovative mediums concerning communications technology that are not only convenient to use but inexpensive as well. Such digital communication tools include mobile phones, smart phones, and the Internet. It is not a secret that they have been successful in bringing a drastic revolution in the methods of information-sharing and communication. It is not surprising that these innovative technologies have impacted every aspect of peoples’ lives, be it political, religious, educational, professional, social, or economical. Innovations in information and communication technologies (ICTs) have not only increased the availability of innumerable products and services but have also reduced their prices. As a result, the inexpensiveness of and accessibility to ICTs have caused a great reduction in â€Å"the costs associated both with doing business and with organizing social and political movements† (Hart, 2010). The cheap availability of ICTs has also declined the costs of communication and transportation. From an economic point of view, there have been declines in the costs related to coordination and transaction. These declining patterns have consequently made the international trade and capital investment to reach extremely high levels. In addition, the cost reductions have also lessened the significance of geographical distances in international business. As distance has lost its importance in today’s digitalized world, there has been an increase in both political and economic activities due to the trending globalization (Hart, 2010). Impact of Cheap Communication Technologies on Politics and Political Development As far as politics is concerned, the inexpensive communication technologies have made a tremendous impact on both domestic and worldwide political phenomenon. In particular, the Internet and social media has contributed greatly in the development of political context and understanding. The blogs as well as the discussions and arguments that are conducted on the Web have provided people a platform to openly voice their views and beliefs regarding political aspects. Although a lot of people argue that social media and related communication technologies have nothing to contribute to politics; many oppose this point of view. Cheap communication technologies have played a major role in the contemporary era for making political processes more free, autonomous, and independent (Unwin, 2012). It would not be incorrect to state that the ICTs have offered exceptional liberties to the common man who is now able to dramatically impact the political phenomenon through cell phones, the Internet, and the social media sites. Communication technologies have emerged as a powerful tool for the politicians and governments as well. The political leaders and governmental authorities are capable of spreading their messages, agendas, and policies to the general public, directly and cheaply. For instance, mobile text messaging is now used by both political parties and governments to encourage public to vote for them in elections (Unwin, 2012). Likewise, the Internet and the social media is also playing a central role in making people aware about the current incidents that take place worldwide. Detailed stories and images enable people to receive the latest information about political movements and happenings around the world. In this manner, cheap communication technologies have enhanced global awareness. The example of Syria is an important one. This is because social media sites and other communication mediums have made people aware of the continuing conflicts in Syrian regime (Unwin 2012). It is true that the globalization phenomenon has interconnected the states and people. This interconnectedness has also influenced the opinions of people who use communication technologies to share their opinions with others. On a global level, globalization has also undermined the concept of a sovereign state. States are now interdependent due to global policies that have made it impossible for them to shield themselves from external influences. As people are beginning to use cheap communication technologies more progressively, there have been improvements in the overall communication between people belonging to diverse political regimes. These enhancements in ICTs have made it possible for people to share information and knowledge rapidly and easily. Moreover, the cheap communication technologies have also enhanced the fusion of different cultures. In addition, the acquired awareness has made people question the governmental authorities. As a matter of fact, revolutionary innovations in ICTs have undermined the autonomous and monarch status of particular political systems, such as the one in Middle East (Unwin, 2012). It can be concluded that the contemporary ICTs have offered remarkable opportunities to people to modify the rules of the long-established political game. On the other hand, even though cheap ICTs have tremendously changed the international political map, this revolution has not particularly affected the marginalized and poor people. Without a doubt the use of cheap communication technologies has impacted the political development and processes. Nevertheless, it completely depends on the individual’s observation whether he considers it a good or bad change (Healey, 2011). Impact of Cheap Communication Technologies on Economy and Economic Development As mentioned, communication technology in the current era has become extraordinarily cheap, user-friendly, and accessible. Although ICTs are taken for granted by people, communication devices and services have been triumphant in transforming economies as well as the lives of millions of people throughout the world. It is significant to mention that cheap communication technologies are being used by people in the developing countries in greater ways as compared to people belonging to the developed world. The penetration of information and communication technologies has a considerable impact on the economic development. ICTs have opened up new avenues for supporting economy in the recent times. Cheap communication technologies are acknowledged to have a significant impact on economic growth as they are affecting education, health sectors, agricultural output, income, poverty, and living standards. Communication technologies have tremendously facilitated the attainment and taking in of knowledge. They have offered extraordinary opportunities to developing countries for the enhancement of their educational systems, improvement of policy making and implementation, and widening of the assortment of opportunities for both affluent and the poor. It is important to highlight that ICTs have contributed in reducing the sense of isolation tolerated by poorest members of the society. It is not a secret that when poor are provided sufficient opportunities, they also contribute in the economic development of the country by playing their productive part. Thus, cheap communication technologies have opened access to knowledge, education, and employment in ways that could not be imagined in the past times (Reddi, 2011). The issues prevalent in society today mostly revolve around poverty. The economic development of a region principally depends on the standard and acquisition of education. This is because an educated society can efficiently and effectively work for the progression and development of its country. This realization has made almost every country to expand its demand for education at every level for the political, social, and economic development. However, many countries give limited budgets to their education sectors after facing the contrasting demand for better investment in resources that are necessary for human survival (food, shelter, etc.). However, the utilization and employment of communication technologies have offered alternate solutions to provide access and impartiality to students and teachers. ICTs have also suppressed the need for building schools and colleges. Instead, they have provided the concept of e-learning for convenient teaching and learning (Reddi, 2011). Cheap information and communication technologies have provided agriculturalists and farmers with opportunities to increase their yield and productivity, thus leading to economic progression. Mobile technology is considered to be an outstandingly critical tool for the improvement and enhancement of the competence of the agriculture and food sectors. Not only this, it is also regarded as a potential catalyst to help in raising the incomes of innumerable poor farmers found all over the world. This augmented efficiency is exceedingly important as it could lead to food losses in smaller quantity. A decrease in food losses means the growing demand for sufficient and inexpensive supplies of healthy food could be met eventually. When people are provided with self-sufficient resources, economy develops and grows automatically (Kirk, Steele, Delbà © Crow, 2011). The cheap communication technologies, especially mobile services, have enabled businesses, companies and organizations to directly contact and interact with different members in the value chain. This interrelation has also helped in visibility of issues, competence and excellence. The best potential benefits for the smallholder farmers can be spawned by enabling them to take advantage of mobile financial payments and mobile information provision. In India, for instance, the smallholder farmers of remote areas have benefitted from this service greatly as the mentioned services have each brought approximately 40% of the total anticipated raise in agricultural revenues (Kirk, Steele, Delbà © Crow, 2011). As a result, the country’s economy has grown significantly. In short, ICTs have enabled poor families to diminish their everyday expenditures related to physical labor, time, and energy. As a result, communication technologies have caused an exceptional positive impact on the i ncomes and livelihoods of many rural families. Communication technologies have also facilitated the reduction of â€Å"information gaps and restrictions inherent in marketplaces where consumers and producers have little means of comparing commodity prices between distant markets† (Zambrano Seward, 2010). ICTs are presently working as a catalytic tool in the improvement and expansion of development programming. In addition, the advancement in mobile technologies and their accessibility to rural areas have also contributed towards sustainable development. Thus, the technological change has introduced ways that have made the economic growth sustainable. The communication technologies are, in fact, sustainable technologies that are helping people and governments meet â€Å"the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (Beder, 2006). Communication technologies have offered equal economic and employment opportunities to people who reside in cosmopolitan and rural areas. ICTs have not only increased productivity but have also made the market work extremely efficient. However, it is important to highlight that the extent of the economic growth outcomes can be different. ICT is a platform that has reached and will reach populations that have low literacy and income levels. Consequently, ICT is emerging as the leading distribution platform that provides public and private services to innumerable people. As there was no or negligible connectivity mediums in rural areas, the underdeveloped areas did not receive the deserved services and facilities. However, the emergence of ICTs has made it possible for underprivileged people to access financial services, market information, health services, and education services. In contrast, it is evident in the present times that the wireless platform has promoted new and innovative social and economic opportunities for the poor populace at all levels. Conclusion In closing, cheap communication technologies have brought significant changes in the traditional ways of socialization, business tasks’ execution, education attainment, and delivery of services. High-speed Internet, in particular, has changed the ways of doing businesses, transformation of public service delivery, and democratization of innovation. There is no doubt in the fact that the businesses that are using cheap communication technologies have demonstrated more production, faster growth, increased investment, and high profits. Similarly, governments and political parties that have employed cheap communication technologies are also receiving better outcomes in the development of democratic political structure. In short, cheap information and communication technologies have revealed a transformative power on a global level. It is important for the governments to realize the importance of ICT potentials and educate the populations about them in order to reduce poverty, increase economic development, and develop a fine political sense. Therefore, steps must be taken to educate people about the significance of employing ICTs in positive ways for the development and progression of today’s global village. Bibliography Beder, S. (2006).Environmental Principles and Policies: An Interdisciplinary Introduction. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Hart, J. (2010). Information Technologies and the Global Political Economy. InThe International Studies Encyclopedia. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. Healey, J. (2011).Social Impacts of Digital Media. Thirroul, N.S.W.: Spinney Press. Reddi, U. R. V. (2011).Primer 1: An Introduction to ICT for Development. Asian and Pacific Training Centre for Information and Communication Technology for Development (APCICT). Unwin, T. (2012, September 1). Social Media and Democracy: Critical Reflections. Retrieved November 28, 2014, from http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/cpadocs/Unwin CPA Social media and democracy.pdf Kirk, M., Steele, J. Delbà ©, C. Crow, L. (2011). Connected Agriculture: The Role of Mobile in Driving Efficiency and Sustainability in the Food and Agriculture Value Chain.Vodafone. Retrieved November 29, 2014, from http://www.vodafone.com/content/dam/vodafone/about/sustainability/2011/pdf/connected_agriculture.pdf Zambrano, R., Seward, R. (2010). Mobile Technologies and Empowerment: Enhancing Human Development Through Participation and Innovation. Retrieved November 29, 2014, from http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un-dpadm/unpan048480.pdf